{"id":8518,"date":"2025-06-25T08:55:52","date_gmt":"2025-06-25T08:55:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/?post_type=posts&#038;p=8518"},"modified":"2025-06-25T08:55:55","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T08:55:55","slug":"reliable-crane-wheel-load-calculation","status":"publish","type":"posts","link":"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/bn\/posts\/reliable-crane-wheel-load-calculation\/","title":{"rendered":"\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b9\u09c1\u0987\u09b2 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be: \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c1\u09a8, \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c1\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c1\u09a8"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><p>\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09bf\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0<\/p><nav><ul><li><a href=\"#calculation-of-crane-wheel-load-calculation\">\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b9\u09c1\u0987\u09b2 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#crane-wheel-selection-and-verification\">\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u00a0<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-determination-of-fatigue-calculation-load-of-wheels\">\u09e7. \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be:\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-wheel-tread-contact-strength-calculation\">2. \u09b9\u09c1\u0987\u09b2 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1 \u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0982\u09a5 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8:<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#2-1-allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact\">\u09e8.\u09e7 \u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a8 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa:<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-2-allowable-wheel-pressure-for-point-contact\">\u09e8.\u09e8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#hidden-dangers-of-crane-wheels-not-meeting-the-standard\">\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 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\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09b0\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09ab\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be, \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u09b8\u09b0\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09c7\u09ac\u09be \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u0996\u09b0\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4\u0964 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7, \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac-\u0993\u099c\u09a8, \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u099c\u09a8, \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09a4 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0985\u09a4\u098f\u09ac, \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af, \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u0997\u09a4 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa, \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0982 \u09ae\u09cb\u09a1 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09af\u09bc\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a6\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"715\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Crane-Wheel-Load-Calculation.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8530\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"calculation-of-crane-wheel-load-calculation\">\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b9\u09c1\u0987\u09b2 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09ad \u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0993\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7\u09a1 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u0982 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u0993\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7\u09a1 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u0982 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b9\u09b2 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b9\u09b2 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 (\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1) = (G-G1)\/n + (Q+G1)*(L-L1)\/n*L&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u09a8\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 (\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987) = (G-G1)\/n + G1*L1\/n*L&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>G = \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u099c\u09a8 (\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf \u09b8\u09b9) (T)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G1 = \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u0993\u099c\u09a8 (T)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q = \u09b0\u09c7\u099f \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be (T)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L = \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8, m \u09a4\u09c7&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>n = \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L1 = \u09b9\u09c1\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac (T \u09a4\u09c7) \u09b9\u09c1\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ae \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac (\u09ae\u09bf)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"crane-wheel-selection-and-verification\">\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09b0\u09a3&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-determination-of-fatigue-calculation-load-of-wheels\">\u09e7. \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be:&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u09aa\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"62\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/1Determination-of-fatigue-calculation-load-of-wheels.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8519\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u09aa\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf \u2014 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 (N);&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09aa\u09c3<sub>\u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a<\/sub> \u2014 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa (N);&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09aa\u09c3<sub>\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f<\/sub> \u2014 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa (N);&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09aa\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7<sub>\u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a<\/sub> \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09bf<sub>\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f<\/sub>, \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09b9\u0997 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09b8\u09b9\u0997 1 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0993\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7\u09a1 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u0982 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af, \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c7\u099f \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u099b\u09c7, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09b9\u09b2 P<sub>\u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a<\/sub>; \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09b9\u09b2 P<sub>\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f<\/sub>\u0964 \u0993\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7\u09a1 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u0982 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09a1 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u098f\u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa P \u09b9\u09af\u09bc<sub>\u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a<\/sub>; \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09b9\u09b2 P<sub>\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f<\/sub>\u0964 \u099c\u09bf\u09ac \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af, \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c1\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c0\u099a\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09b9\u09b2 P<sub>\u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a<\/sub>; \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09cb-\u09b2\u09cb\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09c2\u09a8\u09a4\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c1\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c0\u099a\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09b9\u09b2 P<sub>\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-wheel-tread-contact-strength-calculation\">2. \u09b9\u09c1\u0987\u09b2 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1 \u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0982\u09a5 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-1-allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact\">\u09e8.\u09e7 \u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a8 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09aa\u09c3<sub>\u0997<\/sub>\u2264\u0995\u09c7<sub>1<\/sub>\u00d7 \u09a1\u09bf \u00d7 \u09b2\u09cb \u00d7 \u09b8\u09bf<sub>1<\/sub>\u00d7\u0997<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u09aa\u09c3<sub>\u0997<\/sub> \u2014- \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 (N);&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0995\u09c7<sub>1<\/sub> \u2014\u2013 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 (N\/mm2), \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09bf 1 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09bf\u09a4;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09a1\u09bf \u2014\u2013 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 (\u09ae\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf);&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u2014\u2014 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c8\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09cd\u09af;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0997<sub>1<\/sub>\u2014\u2013 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09b9\u0997, \u099f\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2 2 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09bf\u09a4;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0997<sub>2<\/sub>\u2014\u2013 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u0997, \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09bf 3 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09bf\u09a4;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1678\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2Allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8522\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2Allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2Allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact-1536x1007.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2Allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact-2048x1342.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09c0 (\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c0 1):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u03c3<sub>\u0996<\/sub><\/th><th>\u0995\u09c7<sub>1<\/sub><\/th><th>\u0995\u09c7<sub>2<\/sub><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>500<\/td><td>3.8<\/td><td>0.053<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>600<\/td><td>5.6<\/td><td>0.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>650<\/td><td>6.0<\/td><td>0.132<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>700<\/td><td>6.8<\/td><td>0.181<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>800<\/td><td>7.2<\/td><td>0.245<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u09b9\u09c1\u0987\u09b2 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1 \u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0982\u09a5 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09b9\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09c0 \u09e7<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>1. \u03c3<\/em><em><sub>\u0996 <\/sub><\/em><em>\u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf (N\/mm<\/em><em><sup>2<\/sup><\/em><em>);<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>2. \u0987\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa-\u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4, \u09aa\u09a6\u09a7\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09a0\u09cb\u09b0\u09a4\u09be HB=300~380 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0\u09a4\u09be 15mm~20mm\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7, \u03c3<\/em><em><sub>\u0996<\/sub><\/em><em> \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09aa-\u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>3. \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09ae\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b2\u09cb\u09b9\u09be \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7; \u03c3<sub>\u0996<\/sub>.\u2265500N\/\u09ae\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf<sup>2<\/sup> \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8, \u0995\u09c7<sub>1<\/sub>, <em>\u0995\u09c7<sub>2<\/sub><\/em> \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u03c3 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc<sub>\u0996<\/sub>.=500N\/\u09ae\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09c0 (\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c0 2):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\u0986\u09b0\u09aa\u09bf\u098f\u09ae&nbsp;<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">\u0997<sub>1<\/sub><\/td><td>\u0986\u09b0\u09aa\u09bf\u098f\u09ae<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">\u0997<sub>1<\/sub><\/td><td>\u0986\u09b0\u09aa\u09bf\u098f\u09ae<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">\u0997<sub>1<\/sub><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td><td>\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td><td>\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>200<\/td><td>0.66<\/td><td>50<\/td><td>0.94<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>1.09<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>160<\/td><td>0.72<\/td><td>45<\/td><td>0.96<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>1.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>125<\/td><td>0.77<\/td><td>40<\/td><td>0.97<\/td><td>12.5<\/td><td>1.11<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>112<\/td><td>0.79<\/td><td>35.5<\/td><td>0.99<\/td><td>11.2<\/td><td>1.12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>100<\/td><td>0.82<\/td><td>31.5<\/td><td>1.00<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>1.13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>90<\/td><td>0.84<\/td><td>28<\/td><td>1.02<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1.14<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>80<\/td><td>0.87<\/td><td>25<\/td><td>1.03<\/td><td>6.3<\/td><td>1.15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>71<\/td><td>0.89<\/td><td>22.4<\/td><td>1.04<\/td><td>5.6<\/td><td>1.16<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>63<\/td><td>0.91<\/td><td>20<\/td><td>1.06<\/td><td>5<\/td><td>1.17<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>56<\/td><td>0.92<\/td><td>18<\/td><td>1.07<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u09b9\u09c1\u0987\u09b2 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1 \u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0982\u09a5 2 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09b9\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09c0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09c0 (\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c0 3):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u0985\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0982 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0<\/th><th>\u0997<sub>2<\/sub><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>1.25<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea<\/td><td>1.12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M5<\/td><td>1.00<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M6<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ed, \u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u09b9\u09c1\u0987\u09b2 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1 \u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0982\u09a5 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09b9\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09c0 3<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-2-allowable-wheel-pressure-for-point-contact\">\u09e8.\u09e8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"219\" height=\"62\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/3Allowable-wheel-pressure-for-point-contact.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8526\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u09aa\u09c3<sub>\u0997 <\/sub>\u2014- \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 (N);&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0995\u09c7<sub>2 <\/sub>\u2014\u2013 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8-\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 (N\/mm2), \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09bf 1 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09bf\u09a4;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R \u2014\u2013 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7, \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09c3\u09b9\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 (\u09ae\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf) \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09a8;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09bf \u09ea \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4 (r\/R) \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be M \u2014\u2014;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0997<sub>1 <\/sub>\u2014\u2013 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09b9\u0997, \u099f\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2 3 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09bf\u09a4;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0997<sub>2 <\/sub>\u2014\u2013 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u0997, \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09bf 4 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09bf\u09a4;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09c0 (\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c0 4):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\u0986\u09b0\/\u0986\u09b0<\/td><td>1.0<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><td>0.7<\/td><td>0.6<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>0.4<\/td><td>0.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u09ae\u09bf<\/td><td>0.388<\/td><td>0.400<\/td><td>0.420<\/td><td>0.440<\/td><td>0.468<\/td><td>0.490<\/td><td>0.536<\/td><td>0.600<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u09b9\u09c1\u0987\u09b2 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1 \u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0982\u09a5 \u09ea \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09b9\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09c0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u09e7. m \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u0996\u09a8 r\/R \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>2. r \u09b9\u09b2 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a4\u09a4\u09be (\u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8, \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995 \u09ab\u09bf\u099f \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf) \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">\u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\/\u09ae\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u09b0\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0<\/td><td colspan=\"9\">\u099a\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf \/ (\u09ae\u09bf \/ \u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u09cb\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">\uff1c\u09ec\u09e6<\/td><td colspan=\"3\">60~90<\/td><td colspan=\"3\">\uff1e\u09ef\u09e6~\u09e7\u09ee\u09e6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1.1<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>0.15<\/td><td>1.1<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>0.15<\/td><td>1.1<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>0.15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"8\">500<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u09aa\u09bf 38<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>20.6<\/td><td>19.7<\/td><td>18<\/td><td>18.7<\/td><td>17.9<\/td><td>16.4<\/td><td>17.2<\/td><td>16.4<\/td><td>15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>17.2<\/td><td>16.4<\/td><td>15<\/td><td>15.6<\/td><td>15<\/td><td>13.7<\/td><td>14.4<\/td><td>13.7<\/td><td>12.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>14.7<\/td><td>14.1<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><td>12.8<\/td><td>11.7<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><td>11.7<\/td><td>10.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><td>11.3<\/td><td>11.7<\/td><td>11.2<\/td><td>10.3<\/td><td>10.7<\/td><td>10.3<\/td><td>9.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">QU70<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>26<\/td><td>24.3<\/td><td>22.7<\/td><td>23.6<\/td><td>22.6<\/td><td>20.6<\/td><td>21.7<\/td><td>20.7<\/td><td>19<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>21.7<\/td><td>20.7<\/td><td>19<\/td><td>19.7<\/td><td>18.9<\/td><td>17.2<\/td><td>18.1<\/td><td>17.3<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>18.6<\/td><td>17.7<\/td><td>16.2<\/td><td>16.9<\/td><td>16.2<\/td><td>14.7<\/td><td>15.5<\/td><td>14.8<\/td><td>13.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>16.3<\/td><td>15.5<\/td><td>14.2<\/td><td>14.8<\/td><td>14.1<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>13.6<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>11.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"8\">600<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u09aa\u09bf\u09e9\u09ee\u09aa\u09bf\u09ea\u09e9<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>24.6<\/td><td>23.5<\/td><td>21.5<\/td><td>22.4<\/td><td>21.4<\/td><td>19.5<\/td><td>20.6<\/td><td>19.6<\/td><td>18<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>20.6<\/td><td>19.6<\/td><td>18<\/td><td>19.7<\/td><td>17.8<\/td><td>16.3<\/td><td>17.2<\/td><td>16.4<\/td><td>15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>17.6<\/td><td>16.8<\/td><td>15.4<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>15.3<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>14.7<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>15.4<\/td><td>14.7<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><td>12.2<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><td>11.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">QU70<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>32<\/td><td>30.5<\/td><td>27.9<\/td><td>29.2<\/td><td>27.8<\/td><td>25.4<\/td><td>26.7<\/td><td>25.5<\/td><td>23.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>26.7<\/td><td>25.5<\/td><td>23.3<\/td><td>24.4<\/td><td>23.2<\/td><td>21.2<\/td><td>22.3<\/td><td>21.3<\/td><td>19.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>22.9<\/td><td>21.8<\/td><td>19.9<\/td><td>20.9<\/td><td>19.9<\/td><td>18.1<\/td><td>19.1<\/td><td>18.2<\/td><td>16.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>20<\/td><td>19.1<\/td><td>17.4<\/td><td>18.3<\/td><td>17.4<\/td><td>15.8<\/td><td>16.7<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><td>14.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"8\">700<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u09aa\u09bf 43<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>28<\/td><td>26.8<\/td><td>24.5<\/td><td>25.5<\/td><td>24.4<\/td><td>22.3<\/td><td>23.4<\/td><td>22.4<\/td><td>20.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>23.4<\/td><td>22.4<\/td><td>20.4<\/td><td>21.3<\/td><td>20.4<\/td><td>18.6<\/td><td>19.5<\/td><td>18.7<\/td><td>17<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>20<\/td><td>19.2<\/td><td>17.5<\/td><td>18.3<\/td><td>17.4<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><td>16.7<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>14.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>17.5<\/td><td>16.7<\/td><td>15.3<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><td>15.2<\/td><td>13.9<\/td><td>14.6<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>12.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">QU70<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>38.6<\/td><td>36.8<\/td><td>33.6<\/td><td>35.2<\/td><td>33.5<\/td><td>30.6<\/td><td>32.2<\/td><td>30.7<\/td><td>28<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>32.2<\/td><td>30.726<\/td><td>28<\/td><td>29.4<\/td><td>28<\/td><td>25.6<\/td><td>26.9<\/td><td>25.6<\/td><td>23.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>27.6<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>24<\/td><td>25.2<\/td><td>24<\/td><td>21.9<\/td><td>23<\/td><td>22<\/td><td>20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>24.2<\/td><td>23<\/td><td>21<\/td><td>22<\/td><td>21<\/td><td>19.1<\/td><td>20.1<\/td><td>19.2<\/td><td>17.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">800<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">QU70<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>43.7<\/td><td>41.7<\/td><td>38.1<\/td><td>39.8<\/td><td>38<\/td><td>34.7<\/td><td>36.4<\/td><td>34.8<\/td><td>31.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>36.4<\/td><td>34.8<\/td><td>31.8<\/td><td>33.2<\/td><td>31.7<\/td><td>29<\/td><td>30.4<\/td><td>29<\/td><td>26.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>31.2<\/td><td>29.8<\/td><td>27.2<\/td><td>28.4<\/td><td>27.2<\/td><td>24.8<\/td><td>26<\/td><td>24.9<\/td><td>22.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>27.3<\/td><td>26.1<\/td><td>23.8<\/td><td>24.9<\/td><td>23.8<\/td><td>21.7<\/td><td>22.8<\/td><td>21.8<\/td><td>19.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">900<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">QU80<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>50.5<\/td><td>48.1<\/td><td>44<\/td><td>46<\/td><td>43.7<\/td><td>40<\/td><td>42.2<\/td><td>40.2<\/td><td>36.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>42.4<\/td><td>40.2<\/td><td>36.8<\/td><td>38.4<\/td><td>36.5<\/td><td>33.4<\/td><td>35.2<\/td><td>33.6<\/td><td>30.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>36.1<\/td><td>34.4<\/td><td>31.5<\/td><td>32.9<\/td><td>31.2<\/td><td>28.6<\/td><td>30.2<\/td><td>28.8<\/td><td>26.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>31.6<\/td><td>30.1<\/td><td>27.5<\/td><td>28.8<\/td><td>27.3<\/td><td>25<\/td><td>26.4<\/td><td>25.1<\/td><td>23<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">\u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\/\u09ae\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u09b0\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0<\/td><td colspan=\"8\">\u099a\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf \/ (\u09ae\u09bf \/ \u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"8\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u09cb\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\uff1c\u09ec\u09e6<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">60~90<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">\uff1e\u09ef\u09e6~\u09e7\u09ee\u09e6<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">\uff1e\u09e7\u09ee\u09e6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u2265\u09e7.\u09ec<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><td>\u2265\u09e7.\u09ec<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><td>\u2265\u09e7.\u09ec<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><td>\u2265\u09e7.\u09ec<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">250<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u09aa\u09bf\u09e7\u09e7<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>3.3<\/td><td>3.09<\/td><td>2.91<\/td><td>2.81<\/td><td>2.67<\/td><td>2.58<\/td><td>2.46<\/td><td>2.34<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>2.67<\/td><td>2.58<\/td><td>2.43<\/td><td>2.34<\/td><td>2.23<\/td><td>2.15<\/td><td>2.5<\/td><td>1.98<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>2.38<\/td><td>2.51<\/td><td>2.08<\/td><td>2.01<\/td><td>1.91<\/td><td>1.84<\/td><td>1.76<\/td><td>1.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>1.93<\/td><td>1.82<\/td><td>1.76<\/td><td>1.67<\/td><td>1.61<\/td><td>1.54<\/td><td>1.48<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"8\">350<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u09aa\u09bf 18<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>4.18<\/td><td>4.03<\/td><td>3.8<\/td><td>3.66<\/td><td>3.49<\/td><td>3.36<\/td><td>3.22<\/td><td>3.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>3.49<\/td><td>3.36<\/td><td>3.17<\/td><td>3.06<\/td><td>2.91<\/td><td>2.8<\/td><td>2.68<\/td><td>2.59<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>2.99<\/td><td>2.88<\/td><td>2.72<\/td><td>2.62<\/td><td>2.5<\/td><td>2.4<\/td><td>3.2<\/td><td>2.22<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>2.61<\/td><td>2.52<\/td><td>2.38<\/td><td>2.29<\/td><td>2.18<\/td><td>2.1<\/td><td>2.01<\/td><td>1.94<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">\u09aa\u09bf 24<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>14.1<\/td><td>13.5<\/td><td>12.8<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><td>11.8<\/td><td>11.3<\/td><td>10.9<\/td><td>10.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>11.8<\/td><td>11.3<\/td><td>10.7<\/td><td>10.3<\/td><td>9.85<\/td><td>9.45<\/td><td>9.1<\/td><td>8.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>10.1<\/td><td>9.65<\/td><td>9.15<\/td><td>8.8<\/td><td>8.45<\/td><td>8.1<\/td><td>7.8<\/td><td>7.45<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>8.8<\/td><td>8.45<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>7.7<\/td><td>7.4<\/td><td>7.06<\/td><td>6.8<\/td><td>6.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">400<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u09aa\u09bf 38<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>15.4<\/td><td>14.6<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><td>12.8<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><td>11.85<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><td>15.8<\/td><td>12.2<\/td><td>11.7<\/td><td>11.2<\/td><td>10.7<\/td><td>10.3<\/td><td>9.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>11.4<\/td><td>11<\/td><td>10.4<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>9.6<\/td><td>9.15<\/td><td>8.8<\/td><td>8.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>9.6<\/td><td>9.15<\/td><td>8.75<\/td><td>8.4<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>7.7<\/td><td>7.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">500<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u09aa\u09bf 43<\/td><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09e7~\u098f\u09ae\u09e9<\/td><td>19.8<\/td><td>19.1<\/td><td>18<\/td><td>17.4<\/td><td>16.5<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><td>15.2<\/td><td>14.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ea, \u098f\u09ae\u09eb<\/td><td>16.5<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><td>15<\/td><td>14.5<\/td><td>13.8<\/td><td>13.3<\/td><td>12.7<\/td><td>12.25<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ec, \u098f\u09ae\u09ed<\/td><td>14.15<\/td><td>13.7<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>12.45<\/td><td>11.8<\/td><td>11.4<\/td><td>10.9<\/td><td>10.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u098f\u09ae\u09ee<\/td><td>12.4<\/td><td>11.9<\/td><td>11.25<\/td><td>10.9<\/td><td>10.3<\/td><td>9.95<\/td><td>9.5<\/td><td>9.2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09ac\u09cd\u09af: \u098f\u0987 \u099f\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7: ZG310-570, HB320; \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 ZG50MnMo \u09b8\u09b9, \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 45, HB = 228 ~ 255 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa 20% \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u2013 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u099c\u09bf \u2014 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a1\u09c7\u09a1\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099f\u0964<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0964 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u0995\u09b6\u09be \u0985\u09aa\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u0987\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0989\u09aa\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09b8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7, \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u099f\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u09af\u09be \u0995\u09a0\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hidden-dangers-of-crane-wheels-not-meeting-the-standard\">\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c1\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09a6&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be, \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09ae\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09aa\u09a1\u09bc\u09ac\u09c7, \u09af\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u09e7. \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09bf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u0999\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a4\u09be: \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09b2\u09cb\u09a1 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