{"id":8518,"date":"2025-06-25T08:55:52","date_gmt":"2025-06-25T08:55:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/?post_type=posts&#038;p=8518"},"modified":"2025-06-25T08:55:55","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T08:55:55","slug":"reliable-crane-wheel-load-calculation","status":"publish","type":"posts","link":"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/hi\/posts\/reliable-crane-wheel-load-calculation\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e: \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u092a\u093e\u090f\u0902"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><p>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/p><nav><ul><li><a href=\"#calculation-of-crane-wheel-load-calculation\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#crane-wheel-selection-and-verification\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928\u00a0<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-determination-of-fatigue-calculation-load-of-wheels\">1. \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923:\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-wheel-tread-contact-strength-calculation\">2. \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e:<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#2-1-allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact\">2.1 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935:<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-2-allowable-wheel-pressure-for-point-contact\">2.2 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#hidden-dangers-of-crane-wheels-not-meeting-the-standard\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#preventive-measures\">\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u091c\u0928, \u0909\u0920\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u091c\u0928, \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"715\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Crane-Wheel-Load-Calculation.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8530\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"calculation-of-crane-wheel-load-calculation\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0928\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e-\u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u0939\u0947\u0921 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0935\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u0939\u0947\u0921 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0935\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0940\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930) = (G-G1)\/n + (Q+G1)*(L-L1)\/n*L&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 (\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902) = (G-G1)\/n + G1*L1\/n*L&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>G = \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u091c\u0928 (\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924) (T)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G1 = \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u091c\u0928 (T)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q = \u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e (T)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L = \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0935&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>n = \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L1 = \u0939\u0941\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0940\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (T \u092e\u0947\u0902) \u0939\u0941\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0940\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"crane-wheel-selection-and-verification\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-determination-of-fatigue-calculation-load-of-wheels\">1. \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923:&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"62\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/1Determination-of-fatigue-calculation-load-of-wheels.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8519\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u2014 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 (\u090f\u0928);&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0940<sub>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/sub> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 (\u090f\u0928) \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0940<sub>\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/sub> \u2014 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 (\u090f\u0928) \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902<sub>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/sub> \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0940<sub>\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/sub>, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 1 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0913\u0935\u0930\u0939\u0947\u0921 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0935\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u092c \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u092b \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u092b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 P \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<sub>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/sub>; \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u092b \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u092b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 P \u0939\u0948<sub>\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/sub>\u0913\u0935\u0930\u0939\u0947\u0921 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0935\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u092c \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u092b \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 P \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<sub>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/sub>; \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 P \u0939\u0948<sub>\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/sub>\u091c\u093f\u092c \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0942\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 P \u0939\u0948<sub>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/sub>; \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0942\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 P \u0939\u0948<sub>\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-wheel-tread-contact-strength-calculation\">2. \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-1-allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact\">2.1 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0940<sub>\u0938\u0940<\/sub>\u2264\u0915\u0947<sub>1<\/sub>\u00d7\u0921\u0940\u00d7\u090f\u0932\u00d7\u0938\u0940<sub>1<\/sub>\u00d7\u0938\u0940<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u092a\u0940<sub>\u0938\u0940<\/sub> \u2014- \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 (\u090f\u0928);&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915<sub>1<\/sub> \u2014\u2013 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 (\u090f\u0928\/\u092e\u093f\u092e\u09402), \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 1 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0921\u0940 \u2014\u2013 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 (\u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940);&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0932\u2014\u2014 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0940<sub>1<\/sub>\u2014\u2013 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 2 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0940<sub>2<\/sub>\u2014\u2013 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 3 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1678\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2Allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8522\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2Allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2Allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact-1536x1007.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2Allowable-wheel-pressure-for-line-contact-2048x1342.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 (\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 1):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u03c3<sub>\u092c\u0940<\/sub><\/th><th>\u0915<sub>1<\/sub><\/th><th>\u0915<sub>2<\/sub><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>500<\/td><td>3.8<\/td><td>0.053<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>600<\/td><td>5.6<\/td><td>0.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>650<\/td><td>6.0<\/td><td>0.132<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>700<\/td><td>6.8<\/td><td>0.181<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>800<\/td><td>7.2<\/td><td>0.245<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>1. \u03c3<\/em><em><sub>\u092c\u0940 <\/sub><\/em><em>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f (N\/mm) \u0939\u0948<\/em><em><sup>2<\/sup><\/em><em>);<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>2. \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940\u091f-\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e HB=300~380 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 15mm~20mm \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u03c3<\/em><em><sub>\u092c\u0940<\/sub><\/em><em> \u0924\u092c \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>3. \u091c\u092c \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u03c3<sub>\u092c\u0940<\/sub>.\u2265500N\/\u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940<sup>2<\/sup> \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0915\u0947<sub>1<\/sub>, <em>\u0915<sub>2<\/sub><\/em> \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u03c3 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<sub>\u092c\u0940<\/sub>.=500\u090f\u0928\/\u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 (\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 2):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e&nbsp;<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">\u0938\u0940<sub>1<\/sub><\/td><td>\u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">\u0938\u0940<sub>1<\/sub><\/td><td>\u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\">\u0938\u0940<sub>1<\/sub><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092e\u093f\u0928<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td><td>\u092e\u093f\u0928<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td><td>\u092e\u093f\u0928<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>200<\/td><td>0.66<\/td><td>50<\/td><td>0.94<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>1.09<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>160<\/td><td>0.72<\/td><td>45<\/td><td>0.96<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>1.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>125<\/td><td>0.77<\/td><td>40<\/td><td>0.97<\/td><td>12.5<\/td><td>1.11<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>112<\/td><td>0.79<\/td><td>35.5<\/td><td>0.99<\/td><td>11.2<\/td><td>1.12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>100<\/td><td>0.82<\/td><td>31.5<\/td><td>1.00<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>1.13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>90<\/td><td>0.84<\/td><td>28<\/td><td>1.02<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>1.14<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>80<\/td><td>0.87<\/td><td>25<\/td><td>1.03<\/td><td>6.3<\/td><td>1.15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>71<\/td><td>0.89<\/td><td>22.4<\/td><td>1.04<\/td><td>5.6<\/td><td>1.16<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>63<\/td><td>0.91<\/td><td>20<\/td><td>1.06<\/td><td>5<\/td><td>1.17<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>56<\/td><td>0.92<\/td><td>18<\/td><td>1.07<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 (\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 3):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/th><th>\u0938\u0940<sub>2<\/sub><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>1.25<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e 4<\/td><td>1.12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>1.00<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e7\u3001\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 3<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-2-allowable-wheel-pressure-for-point-contact\">2.2 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"219\" height=\"62\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kscranegroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/3Allowable-wheel-pressure-for-point-contact.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8526\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u092a\u0940<sub>\u0938\u0940 <\/sub>\u2014- \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 (\u090f\u0928);&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915<sub>2 <\/sub>\u2014\u2013 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0947\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 (\u090f\u0928\/\u092e\u093f\u092e\u09402), \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 1 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0930 \u2014 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928 (\u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940) \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0902;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u092e \u2014\u2014 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 (\u0906\u0930\/\u0906\u0930) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 4 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0940<sub>1 <\/sub>\u2014\u2013 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 3 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0940<sub>2 <\/sub>\u2014\u2013 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 4 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 (\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 4):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\u0906\u0930\/\u0906\u0930<\/td><td>1.0<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><td>0.7<\/td><td>0.6<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>0.4<\/td><td>0.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092e<\/td><td>0.388<\/td><td>0.400<\/td><td>0.420<\/td><td>0.440<\/td><td>0.468<\/td><td>0.490<\/td><td>0.536<\/td><td>0.600<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 4<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>1. m \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c r\/R \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>2. r \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u092a\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 (\u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u092b\u093f\u091f, \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">\u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\/\u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/td><td colspan=\"9\">\u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\/(\u092e\u0940\/\u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\/\u0938\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">&lt;60<\/td><td colspan=\"3\">60~90<\/td><td colspan=\"3\">&gt;90~180<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1.1<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>0.15<\/td><td>1.1<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>0.15<\/td><td>1.1<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>0.15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"8\">500<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">P38<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>20.6<\/td><td>19.7<\/td><td>18<\/td><td>18.7<\/td><td>17.9<\/td><td>16.4<\/td><td>17.2<\/td><td>16.4<\/td><td>15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>17.2<\/td><td>16.4<\/td><td>15<\/td><td>15.6<\/td><td>15<\/td><td>13.7<\/td><td>14.4<\/td><td>13.7<\/td><td>12.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>14.7<\/td><td>14.1<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><td>12.8<\/td><td>11.7<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><td>11.7<\/td><td>10.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><td>11.3<\/td><td>11.7<\/td><td>11.2<\/td><td>10.3<\/td><td>10.7<\/td><td>10.3<\/td><td>9.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092f\u094270<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>26<\/td><td>24.3<\/td><td>22.7<\/td><td>23.6<\/td><td>22.6<\/td><td>20.6<\/td><td>21.7<\/td><td>20.7<\/td><td>19<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>21.7<\/td><td>20.7<\/td><td>19<\/td><td>19.7<\/td><td>18.9<\/td><td>17.2<\/td><td>18.1<\/td><td>17.3<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>18.6<\/td><td>17.7<\/td><td>16.2<\/td><td>16.9<\/td><td>16.2<\/td><td>14.7<\/td><td>15.5<\/td><td>14.8<\/td><td>13.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>16.3<\/td><td>15.5<\/td><td>14.2<\/td><td>14.8<\/td><td>14.1<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>13.6<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>11.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"8\">600<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u092a\u094038\u092a\u094043<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>24.6<\/td><td>23.5<\/td><td>21.5<\/td><td>22.4<\/td><td>21.4<\/td><td>19.5<\/td><td>20.6<\/td><td>19.6<\/td><td>18<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>20.6<\/td><td>19.6<\/td><td>18<\/td><td>19.7<\/td><td>17.8<\/td><td>16.3<\/td><td>17.2<\/td><td>16.4<\/td><td>15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>17.6<\/td><td>16.8<\/td><td>15.4<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>15.3<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>14.7<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>15.4<\/td><td>14.7<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><td>12.2<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><td>11.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092f\u094270<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>32<\/td><td>30.5<\/td><td>27.9<\/td><td>29.2<\/td><td>27.8<\/td><td>25.4<\/td><td>26.7<\/td><td>25.5<\/td><td>23.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>26.7<\/td><td>25.5<\/td><td>23.3<\/td><td>24.4<\/td><td>23.2<\/td><td>21.2<\/td><td>22.3<\/td><td>21.3<\/td><td>19.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>22.9<\/td><td>21.8<\/td><td>19.9<\/td><td>20.9<\/td><td>19.9<\/td><td>18.1<\/td><td>19.1<\/td><td>18.2<\/td><td>16.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>20<\/td><td>19.1<\/td><td>17.4<\/td><td>18.3<\/td><td>17.4<\/td><td>15.8<\/td><td>16.7<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><td>14.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"8\">700<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">P43<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>28<\/td><td>26.8<\/td><td>24.5<\/td><td>25.5<\/td><td>24.4<\/td><td>22.3<\/td><td>23.4<\/td><td>22.4<\/td><td>20.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>23.4<\/td><td>22.4<\/td><td>20.4<\/td><td>21.3<\/td><td>20.4<\/td><td>18.6<\/td><td>19.5<\/td><td>18.7<\/td><td>17<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>20<\/td><td>19.2<\/td><td>17.5<\/td><td>18.3<\/td><td>17.4<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><td>16.7<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>14.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>17.5<\/td><td>16.7<\/td><td>15.3<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><td>15.2<\/td><td>13.9<\/td><td>14.6<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>12.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092f\u094270<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>38.6<\/td><td>36.8<\/td><td>33.6<\/td><td>35.2<\/td><td>33.5<\/td><td>30.6<\/td><td>32.2<\/td><td>30.7<\/td><td>28<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>32.2<\/td><td>30.726<\/td><td>28<\/td><td>29.4<\/td><td>28<\/td><td>25.6<\/td><td>26.9<\/td><td>25.6<\/td><td>23.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>27.6<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>24<\/td><td>25.2<\/td><td>24<\/td><td>21.9<\/td><td>23<\/td><td>22<\/td><td>20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>24.2<\/td><td>23<\/td><td>21<\/td><td>22<\/td><td>21<\/td><td>19.1<\/td><td>20.1<\/td><td>19.2<\/td><td>17.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">800<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092f\u094270<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>43.7<\/td><td>41.7<\/td><td>38.1<\/td><td>39.8<\/td><td>38<\/td><td>34.7<\/td><td>36.4<\/td><td>34.8<\/td><td>31.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>36.4<\/td><td>34.8<\/td><td>31.8<\/td><td>33.2<\/td><td>31.7<\/td><td>29<\/td><td>30.4<\/td><td>29<\/td><td>26.6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>31.2<\/td><td>29.8<\/td><td>27.2<\/td><td>28.4<\/td><td>27.2<\/td><td>24.8<\/td><td>26<\/td><td>24.9<\/td><td>22.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>27.3<\/td><td>26.1<\/td><td>23.8<\/td><td>24.9<\/td><td>23.8<\/td><td>21.7<\/td><td>22.8<\/td><td>21.8<\/td><td>19.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">900<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092f\u094280<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>50.5<\/td><td>48.1<\/td><td>44<\/td><td>46<\/td><td>43.7<\/td><td>40<\/td><td>42.2<\/td><td>40.2<\/td><td>36.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>42.4<\/td><td>40.2<\/td><td>36.8<\/td><td>38.4<\/td><td>36.5<\/td><td>33.4<\/td><td>35.2<\/td><td>33.6<\/td><td>30.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>36.1<\/td><td>34.4<\/td><td>31.5<\/td><td>32.9<\/td><td>31.2<\/td><td>28.6<\/td><td>30.2<\/td><td>28.8<\/td><td>26.3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>31.6<\/td><td>30.1<\/td><td>27.5<\/td><td>28.8<\/td><td>27.3<\/td><td>25<\/td><td>26.4<\/td><td>25.1<\/td><td>23<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0947\u092f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">\u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\/\u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/td><td colspan=\"8\">\u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\/(\u092e\u0940\/\u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"8\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\/\u0938\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">&lt;60<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">60~90<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">&gt;90~180<\/td><td colspan=\"2\">\uff1e180<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u22651.6<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><td>\u22651.6<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><td>\u22651.6<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><td>\u22651.6<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">250<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">\u092a\u094011<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>3.3<\/td><td>3.09<\/td><td>2.91<\/td><td>2.81<\/td><td>2.67<\/td><td>2.58<\/td><td>2.46<\/td><td>2.34<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>2.67<\/td><td>2.58<\/td><td>2.43<\/td><td>2.34<\/td><td>2.23<\/td><td>2.15<\/td><td>2.5<\/td><td>1.98<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>2.38<\/td><td>2.51<\/td><td>2.08<\/td><td>2.01<\/td><td>1.91<\/td><td>1.84<\/td><td>1.76<\/td><td>1.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>1.93<\/td><td>1.82<\/td><td>1.76<\/td><td>1.67<\/td><td>1.61<\/td><td>1.54<\/td><td>1.48<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"8\">350<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">P18<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>4.18<\/td><td>4.03<\/td><td>3.8<\/td><td>3.66<\/td><td>3.49<\/td><td>3.36<\/td><td>3.22<\/td><td>3.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>3.49<\/td><td>3.36<\/td><td>3.17<\/td><td>3.06<\/td><td>2.91<\/td><td>2.8<\/td><td>2.68<\/td><td>2.59<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>2.99<\/td><td>2.88<\/td><td>2.72<\/td><td>2.62<\/td><td>2.5<\/td><td>2.4<\/td><td>3.2<\/td><td>2.22<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>2.61<\/td><td>2.52<\/td><td>2.38<\/td><td>2.29<\/td><td>2.18<\/td><td>2.1<\/td><td>2.01<\/td><td>1.94<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">P24<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>14.1<\/td><td>13.5<\/td><td>12.8<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><td>11.8<\/td><td>11.3<\/td><td>10.9<\/td><td>10.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>11.8<\/td><td>11.3<\/td><td>10.7<\/td><td>10.3<\/td><td>9.85<\/td><td>9.45<\/td><td>9.1<\/td><td>8.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>10.1<\/td><td>9.65<\/td><td>9.15<\/td><td>8.8<\/td><td>8.45<\/td><td>8.1<\/td><td>7.8<\/td><td>7.45<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>8.8<\/td><td>8.45<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>7.7<\/td><td>7.4<\/td><td>7.06<\/td><td>6.8<\/td><td>6.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">400<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">P38<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>15.4<\/td><td>14.6<\/td><td>14<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><td>12.8<\/td><td>12.3<\/td><td>11.85<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>13.4<\/td><td>15.8<\/td><td>12.2<\/td><td>11.7<\/td><td>11.2<\/td><td>10.7<\/td><td>10.3<\/td><td>9.9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>11.4<\/td><td>11<\/td><td>10.4<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>9.6<\/td><td>9.15<\/td><td>8.8<\/td><td>8.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>10<\/td><td>9.6<\/td><td>9.15<\/td><td>8.75<\/td><td>8.4<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>7.7<\/td><td>7.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\">500<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\">P43<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e1~\u090f\u092e3<\/td><td>19.8<\/td><td>19.1<\/td><td>18<\/td><td>17.4<\/td><td>16.5<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><td>15.2<\/td><td>14.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e4\u3001\u090f\u092e5<\/td><td>16.5<\/td><td>15.9<\/td><td>15<\/td><td>14.5<\/td><td>13.8<\/td><td>13.3<\/td><td>12.7<\/td><td>12.25<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e6, \u090f\u092e7<\/td><td>14.15<\/td><td>13.7<\/td><td>12.9<\/td><td>12.45<\/td><td>11.8<\/td><td>11.4<\/td><td>10.9<\/td><td>10.5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u090f\u092e8<\/td><td>12.4<\/td><td>11.9<\/td><td>11.25<\/td><td>10.9<\/td><td>10.3<\/td><td>9.95<\/td><td>9.5<\/td><td>9.2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0947\u092f \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u0928\u094b\u091f: \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: ZG310-570, HB320; \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 ZG50MnMo \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0927\u0941\u0930\u093e 45 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, HB = 228 ~ 255, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 20% \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u2013 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u091c\u0940 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u0947\u0921\u0935\u0947\u091f.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hidden-dangers-of-crane-wheels-not-meeting-the-standard\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e: \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091d\u0947\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0916\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u0930\u0928\u093e: \u0918\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2. \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935: \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935: \u0918\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3. \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928: \u0918\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092e\u094b\u091f\u0930, \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923: \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u092a\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>4. \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092c\u0942\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e: \u0918\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0947 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0926\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940: \u0918\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u0930\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u0939\u0941\u0915, \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>5. \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924: \u0918\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0917\u0940, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928: \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>6. \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928: \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u094b\u091f\u0930, \u0930\u093f\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0938\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928: \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 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